A long way to the human rights and democracy

A long way to human rights and democracy （My simple summary)

人权， 民主 -- 一条漫长的道路 (我的简单概括）

1. A big contribution for developing the rights of freedom and equality came from Greek philosopher Platon ( 427-347 BC) and Aristoteles ( 384-322 BC). They discovered the theory of human individual, rationality, the rule of community and democracy.

1. 人的自由平等权利的理论起源于希腊哲学家Platon(公元前427-347), Aristoteles（公元前384-322）。他们发现了人的个体性，理性，群体法规及民主思想。

2. Magna Carta is a charter agreed by King John of England in 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown. In 1225 the charter was reissued again and repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law.2. 英国的大宪章 （Magna Carta ）- 只限于保护皇权。 大宪章是英格兰国王約翰最初於1215年6月15日訂立的拉丁文政治性授权文件；但在随后的版本中，大部分对英國王室絕對權力的直接挑战条目被删除；1225年首次成为法律；1297年的英文版本至今仍然是英格兰威尔士的有效法律。

3. A.) English state theorist Thomas Hobbes (1588-1669) 

His 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy.Though on rational grounds a champion of absolutism for the sovereign, Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: 

3. A.) 英国最著名和有影响力的政治哲学家Thomas Hobbes（1588-1669)的著作之一全名为《利维坦，或教会国家和市民国家的实质、形式、权力》（Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil）。

3. B.) John Locke, English philosopher (1632-1704) regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence. The Theory of the separation of state power.

3. B.) 英國哲學家John Lock (1632-1704) 著名思想家， 古典自由主义，共和主义之父。 他的国家权力分为立法权、行政权和对外权，并主张立法权与行政权的分立，行政权与对外权的统一；立法权是国家最高权力体现在美国独立宣言中。

3. C.) French philosopher: Montesquieu (1689-1755), he was famous for his classical political science and theory of the separation of power and limitation of state power.

Jean Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778): Jefferson's " we the people" was adopted from him. 

3. C法国哲学与政治理论家： Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) 重要分权理论及权利的限制。 Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Jefferson 的权利属于人民的理论是源于Rousseau.

Xi Lan Zhang-Wilhelm